Tuesday, December 31, 2019

The Concept Of The Theories, What Do They Say - 1507 Words

(www.whatismylearningstyle.com, n.d.) introd The concept of the theories, what do they say? Reflective vision about what they say Expl the theor behind the lernig styles Use positive and neg arguments!balance the situation or turnet around! Choose 1or more stronger learnig style that represents u. justify the reasons (workpress.com, 2011) Introduction This project came to life because of the two theorists P. Honey and A. Mumford. They researched for years on how to put together a project in order to identify the learning styles. Finally, they came up with the idea of a questionnaire. By gathering eighty questions together, all containing different learning styles and being supported by the Kolb learning style inventory (LSI), the project was up and running. Perhaps that every individual from this Planet is different and unique, this is a fact. The same like being different means that we have diverse ways of perception towards new concepts and ideas (learning in general). However, we all have similar ways of approaching and understanding, therefore learning. Neg arg personal/organisational development and not for assessment/selection. Not a psychometric instrument, but a checklist about how people learn. Weaknesses Danger of labelling people as ‘theorists’ or ‘pragmatists’, when most people exhibit more than one strong preferences (F.Coffield, 2004, p. 28) learning styles are not fixed personality traits, it shifts the emphasis towardsShow MoreRelatedWhat I Call The Social Constructionist1259 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I reflect on chapter 5, what I call the social constructionist chapter, there are numerous concepts that I remember. Michael Kimmel says in the book that gender identity is socially constructed, our identities are a fluid assemblage of the meanings and behaviors that we construct from the values, images, and prescriptions we find in the world around us. In my opinion, Kimmel means that people behave in a way that they chose to, influenced by what they see in their surroundings, or the communitiesRead MoreDavid Rosenthal’S Hot (High Order Thought) Theory Of Consciousness1260 Words   |  6 PagesDavid Rosenthal’s HOT (high order thought) theory of consciousness claims that a state is conscious when one has a certain kind of thought, a high order thought, about it. What it means for a thought being â€Å"hi gher order† is that it is a thought about a mental state. A thought about something that is not a mental state, for example, a thought that there is a dog on the sofa, is a first order thought. But thinking about the fact that you are thinking about a dog on the sofa is a higher order thoughtRead MoreDifferent Theories Concepts Of International Trade Theories1697 Words   |  7 Pagesand categorizes the differences between different theory concepts of international trade theories. The author will analysis and seriously assess their believe concepts and believe. The author of this assignment agrees with the economist that international trade is the interdependence of nations in terms of trade. International trade theories are basically different theories, with their concept of trade how they explain international trade. The concept of majority of economist believes that, trade isRead MoreAlbert Bandura Created The Social Cognitive Theory, Which1459 Words   |  6 PagesAlbert Bandura created the Social Cognitive Theory, which is actions shown or displayed in front of a child is how he/she will act. Bandura has spent most of his life studied the behavioral traits in young children, mostly aggression in younger children. With Bandura’s theory we will learn about why it is so important to demonstrate it in the classroom, the key points of this theory and learn more about Albert Bandura and how he came up with the theory. Biographical Background of Albert BanduraRead MoreTwo Philosophical Arguments for the Existence of God1460 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophical criticisms of both theories too. By doing so, we shall attempt to draw a satisfactory conclusion and aim gain a greater understanding of the respective theories and their criticisms of each theory. The Design Argument Firstly, we shall focus on the Design (or to use its philosophically technical term, the teleological argument). There are numerous variants of the Design argument, however we shall be focusing on Paley’s version (reference 1) of this theory. Paley’s version of the DesignRead MoreThe Concept Of A Personal Identity1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of a personal identity develops as we grow. In this way, our identity shifts and changes because as we grow, we change. This evolution brings up the question of what makes up our personal identity. Is our identity qualitative in the sense that if we look the same as we did yesterday, we are the same? That theory has some overt problems in that twins, for example, may look identical, but they are not in fact the same person. Personal identity can be considered numerical in that we areRead MoreThe Logic Of Grounded Theory And Initial Coding Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe book by Kathy Charmaz is successful in the sense of presenting concepts regarding the knowledge of the construction of grounded theory. For researchers in the field of education, this book plays a crucial role as one significant tool for reference. To understand the assertions of Charmaz and the rich knowledge presented in the book, it is significant for one to carry out chapter-by-chapter reading. Therefore, with this analysis, it is also significant for one to make a succinct summary of theseRead MoreThe Cartesian Theory Of Mind1648 Words   |  7 PagesRenà © Descartes was a French philosopher responsible for many ideas and theories still used in the philosophical world today. He earned the nickname â€Å"Father of modern philosophy† for his work. One of his most in depth and lasting legacies is his â€Å"mind-body dualism† thesis also known as the Cartesian theory of mind. The Cartesian theory states that there are two different types of existence, physical and mental. Whatever exists must fall into only one of these existences and they cannot be bothRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Human Development1386 Words   |  6 Pageswas an educator and a theorist known primarily for his sociocultural theory. Vygotsky developed the sociocultural theory, which is the theory of human development through social and cultural influences (Aimin, 2013), during the 1920’s-30’s. One of Vygotsky’s focuses was the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is the idea of a child being appropriately challenged, this will be discussed further on. His theory stemmed from how children’s learning is impacted greatly through guidanceRead MoreInternational Trade Theories, Trade, Cultural Diffusion, And Economic Trade Theory1374 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences between the basic and base concept of international trade theories. The autho r will examine and critically assess the concept of international trade. This paper agrees with the economist that international trade is the interdependence of nations in terms of trade, cultural diffusion, and economic interdependency. International business trade theories are basically different theories with their concept of trade how they explain international trade. The concept of majority of economist believe

Monday, December 23, 2019

The Autobiography Of Malcolm X - 1959 Words

The United States has had many horrible moments in its history that the United States has long tried to correct and distance itself from those mistakes. Many mistakes were made in our history but a few of the big ones were kicking the Native Americans off their land and making them almost go extinct, putting all the Japanese people into concentration camps in World War 2 in belief that they were all Japanese spies, but the biggest flaw is the United States history has been the mistreatment of the blacks from slavery and segregation that has lead to the endless racism that can still be experienced in our present day world. There have been many political and religious leaders over the years that have fought for the black minority in America†¦show more content†¦He goes to a white family where he never really feels at home and is treated like a pet. Even at school he is the smartest kid, but is treated inferior to the kids he knows he is smarter than. When around the age of 15 he leaves his white family for the city of Boston where he goes to his half sister’s house who try’s to help him out. He becomes friends with a guy named shorty who helps him find a job as a shoeshine. Where he gets into the drug dealing business. He starts dressing nicer and changes his hair and overall starts to transform. He then changes his job and starts dancing a lot eventually meets a girl who he really likes. He becomes famous as a dancer in nightclubs that gets him attention from a white girl who he ends up leaves the girl he liked for. He eventually meets Sammy the pimp who gets him deep into bad endeavors and he gets addicted to cocaine and eventually they have a falling out and Malcolm escapes to Boston because he has too many people who want to kill him. He then starts to do burglaries with Sophia shorty and a few other people. One day Malcolm accidently flirts with Sophia in public with her husband’s friend with her at a bar. Who snitches her husb and and this gets Malcom arrested with shorty and they get 10 years for being with a white girl even though they also were charged with burglary. In jail is when Malcolm seems to have hit rock bottom. he is really frustrated and is suffering fromShow MoreRelatedThe Autobiography of Malcolm X729 Words   |  3 PagesLiterary Analysis: The Autobiography of Malcolm X The Autobiography of Malcolm X, told by Alex Haley, details the incredible journey of one of the most inspiration and life altering leaders the world has ever encountered. The book begins with the illustration of Malcolm’s early life experiences and ends with X predicting that he will die a violent death prior to seeing the publication of his autobiography. At the beginning of the book, Haley describes how Malcolm’s father, a Baptist MinisterRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesWho is Malcolm X? Answers tend to vary by person but in the â€Å"Autobiography of Malcolm X†, it really delved into the pivotal details of his life and readers like myself, went on an enthralling metaphorical journey to see the intriguing development of him as a child, a young adult, a convict, a follower, and ultimately a leader. For starters, Malcolm X was not born with the infamous and famous X. His birth name was Malcolm Little and the innocent Malcolm Little was very belittled (pun intended) inRead MoreAutobiography Of Malcolm X1614 Words   |  7 PagesKaykay Zhu October 19, 2017 The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley is an account of Malcolm X’s evolving perspective on racial justice. Malcolm X was a prominent figure in the Nation of Islam who advocated for black nationalism and separatism. The man who became one of America’s most powerful voices for African Americans was deeply affected by the terrors of racism, which shaped his view of social justice and the condemnation of the white man. The way Malcolm X narrates his experiences changesRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley, and Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody sheds light on how principles of ambition, pride, and faith throughout their lives paved individual paths for revolutionary success. Troubling upbringings as seen in both of their lives eventually instilled a drive that ultimately revolutionized America’s perspective of racial equality. Their worldview grows to encompass hum anity as one and is developed alongside their spiritual and cultural inquiryRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pages1 2 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MALCOLM X Introduction Malcolm X?s autobiography written in collaboration with Alex Haley is an exciting story of personality transformation. During several years, Malcolm X told Haley his biography in several extensive interviews. Haley described and orchestrated the stories and Malcolm X edited and endorsed every part of the book. The story is narrated in the first person and it seems like Malcolm was writing this of hisRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1701 Words   |  7 Pagesread the autobiography of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most controversial Men in American history. I’m familar with the name Malcolm X however, I’m not familliar with the works and background of Malcolm X. This is why I choose to read the autobiography of Malcolm X written by himself and Alex Haley. Which gives the read an insight on his background, beliefs, and the American society then. I believe that many people including myself have misunderstood Malcolm X. I believe that Mal colm X is misunderstoodRead MoreThe Autobiography of Malcolm X535 Words   |  2 Pages The autobiography of Malcolm X is a book that was published in 1965. It is of result of collaboration between human rights activist Mr. Malcolm X and journalist Alex Haley. The book depicts more about Malcolm X’s life, experiences and beliefs. The book again talks about spiritual conversion narrative that outlines Malcolm Xs philosophy of black pride, Black Nationalism. Malcolm was born in May 19th 1925 in Omaha to a family of Earl and Louise Little. The book also explains to us that he inheritatedRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X791 Words   |  4 Pageslife. Malcolm X told his life story of how he overcame in his autobiography simply called The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley. His life changed the world historically, socially, and especially politically by taking a stand against racism of all kinds which still exists in today’s â€Å"modern† standards. Using his personal life experience with racism towards African-Americans, Malcolm spre ads the word on equality for all with a realistic tone that inspires trust in him. Malcolm X reachesRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1278 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm X, born Malcolm Little, is one of the greatest advocates for race in the nation. However, his opinion of the state of racial issues in our country, and what can be done to solve them. Trials throughout Malcolm’s life of personal opinions and events that have occurred have shaped his outlook on the issue. Alex Haley’s autobiography novel, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, reveals Malcolm’s changing views on the solution of race in this country through the shaping stages of experiences in hisRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1634 Words   |  7 PagesThe Autobiography of Malcolm X was about one African Americans struggle during a time of extreme racism and discrimination to make a name for himself. Malcolm had many life experiences before tragically being shot and killed. He was a hustler in Harlem, a porter for a railroad, and was eventually a minister for the black Islam movement lead by Elijah Mahammad. Malcolm Little lived a very interesting life to become the man he will be remembered as. Right before Malcolm was born members of the KKK

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Nature and culture Free Essays

The advances in the understanding of nature in terms of scientific knowledge has been tremendous especially since the mid-1950’s with the discovery of the DNA structure, which precipitated more advances in molecular biology, genetics, and biochemistry.   However, in the end of the 20th century until now, our modern society has seen more and more debates about how nature has been altered and/or destroyed by our progress in technology, in particular biotechnology. Yet, one may wonder if the debate over technological progress affecting nature or more specifically, natural laws that govern our existence, does reflect a cultural bias in the general comprehension of technological progress in our society. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature and culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Consequently, three questions may be asked to completely analyze the problem.   First, is there a nature/culture problem to be discussed?   Second, if there is, how has it affected our global society with respect to a cultural shift caused by particular developments in science and technology and when?   If there is a global effect, is there a tangible effect on our personal life?   This paper will deal with each of these questions. The amazing characteristics that humans possess, is to learn from previous generations, to improve upon their work, and to establish a momentum to human life and culture that has taken our civilization from cave art to quantum physics, and into the space age.   In addition, other scientific advances bring about technological progress in our direct environment and society, more so than being in space.   Even more so has biotechnology been altering the nature of our humanity, not only in terms of ‘programmed’ physical changes based on scientific discoveries, but also in terms of environmental changes.   Unfortunately, people’s understanding of what science is capable of either to benefit our society or destroy it, has been undermined since the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. How do we know that?   Simply consider the history of our society until now with the debate over cloning and stem-cell research that have come under fire in our western part of the world.   In both cases, a further division has taken place within the world scientific community.   Some countries allow the research whereas others do not.   Consequently, what can we draw from this chiasm, is it due to a cultural difference?   If it is, then do we really understand what the meaning of culture is?   If we do, can we reconcile differences?   Raymond Williams tells us that there is a great difficulty in even defining the concept of culture. (Williams, ) Is it a division of the whole into parts (the individual) like Latour claims or a whole global entity like Tarde thinks? (Latour, Social in Question)   Furthermore, Williams is not even sure himself of what nature really means.   On page 78, he does tell us that there is a general confusion or disparity of what different pe ople mean by nature.   Is it either the nature of man (biology), the natural nature of our environment, or both?   Latour seems to agree with Williams that there is a problem of defining the context of nature and culture. Latour uses the illustration of one simple event like using an aerosol can after which people are taken on a journey to Antarctica, to touring scientific labs across the world, and the chemistry of inert gases. (p. 2 Crisis) (Latour, )   This implies that the complexity of the division is based not only on the science of the natural environment, but also first on how people are affected by the effects of the ozone problem, and second how different people or the world as a single cultural phenomenon perceive the problem.   The conclusion is that the division exists but its very existence is very confusing to any person from any part of the world or the whole world, perhaps minus the scientists.   Rabinow’s expose supports this idea of confusion when she claims using Michel Foucault’s and Gilles Deleuze’s arguments that there has been a shift caused by this division, particularly on how we as a species comprehend ourselves and our environment.   Specificall y, on p. 91, she states: â€Å"In the modern form, finitude establishes a field of life, labor, and language within which Man appears as a distinctive being who is both the subject and object of his own understanding, but an understanding that is never complete because of its very structure.† (Rabinow, ) Toxen is convinced that this magnitude of this shift has actually been more like a revolution with respect to science and technology in our society. (Toxen, 1983) On p.1, he emphasizes that there is a total reshaping of â€Å"industries, companies, universities, and laboratories to sustain the present mode of production.†Ã‚   He adds that the cause of this shift seems to be linked to a push for biotechnological advances, especially in our time (he wrote this article in 1983). So, how do this shift and the nature/culture division affect our own existence?   Callon speaks of auto engineers in France becoming sociologists in order to manufacture the first electric car.   As a consequence, engineers define what society will be like and how it will be changed because of the introduction of such a new mode of transportation.   Their resulting conclusions motivate their work while reshaping our ideas or shall we say our cultural acceptance. (Callon, )   In the same vein, biotechnology has been hailed as the only way to remedy problems that our society faces.   For example, Lappe and Collins cite the example of how biotechnology is supposed to solve world hunger but people are starving more than ever. (Lappe-Collins, ) An illustration of this idea is cited by Pollan with Monsanto genetically engineering a bug-killer potato that may be hazardous to our health so we would not be able to eat it anyway! (Pollan, ).   In the context of ecology, Schwartz and Thompson speak of â€Å"Nature benign gives us global equilibrium.† (Schwartz, Thompson, 1990) This idea implies that science and technology cannot help the way that is propounded.   The reason is simple: there is not enough comprehension of us as individuals and as a civilization (culture) to solve the mostly self-inflicted obstacles encountered with our nature as a species as well as our environment (nature). In conclusion, there is a real doubt whether science and technology can help our society.   Since there is a fuzzy picture of how we understand the division between culture and nature, science and technology cannot claim that they understand what shapes our society for the better while they certainly do not understand how they can shape society for the worst. References Callon, ?. (Year?). Engineers as sociologists. Publication? 210- 216. Lappe, ?, Collins, ?. (Year?). World hunger: twelve myths.   Publication? 48-66. Latour, B. Joyce, P. (editor). (Year?). The social in question. New bearings on history and the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.   (year?). Crisis. Publication? 2-12. Pollan, M. (date and year?). Playing God in my garden. The New York Times. 1-12. Rabinow, P. (Year?) Artificiality and enlightenment: from sociobiology to biosociality. Publication? 91-110. Schwartz, M., Thompson, M. (1990). Divided we stand: redefining politics, technology, and social choice.   London: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Toxen, L. (1983). The life industry in gene business: who should control biotechnology? London: Association Books. Williams, R. (Year?). Title? Publication? 68-84. How to cite Nature and culture, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Kinds Of Budget For Tourists Both Domestic â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Kinds Of Budget For Tourists Both Domestic? Answer: Introducation Sydney Australia is a tourist attraction zone. Based on the scenario and calculations, the city has a lot of hotels that offer all kinds of budget for the tourists both domestic and foreign.Sydney has a relatively high yield management in the tourism sector. The availability of good services and facilities in the city makes it a good place for choosing the city (Cross, 2011). Most of the hotels are running to full capacity therefore earning maximum profits especially when it is summer. The four hotels are all rated the same by international travel magazines and therefore are comparatively the same. Sydney on the other hand can be used as a good city for hospitality management in terms of hotels and their suitability to attract customers. It is easy to assimilate hotel revenue through market portfolios especially in a competing industry. The average revenue collections for all the hotels are almost in the same range given the proximity of the hotels. As a big city, the revenue aspect for collection in hotels can be easily sampled and managed.The city has potential as it is a top tourist destination with many people coming to see the great features offered by the city (Hellermann, 2006). Competitor set and what they have in common with my hotel As a top tourist destination, Sydney Australia has an array of hotels, they include the following: Rydges Sydeny and Central, Novotel Sydney Central, Hyatt Regency Sydney and Central Station Hotel. They have been chosen because of their facilities which includes the bed capacity and the services offered in these hotels. Their revenues are almost at par with each other and make suitable competitors to the chosen hotel. The revenue collection management system can be comparatively used to gauge and measure the competitiveness of the industry and its peers. The following are some of the dimensions that are measured for the choice of these hotels; capacity; where most of these hotels are four and five star hotels with a bed capacity ranging between 200- 250 beds.The same can be said of our hotel. The second determining factor is the physical occupancy; most of these hotels have a 60% occupancy levels while at peak levels record full capacity of occupancy. The third factor in the choice o f hotel is the revenue earned from each bed or the room revenues. They room revenue range from $320- $400 on a busy day. The average revenue collection is $ 379for all the four hotels. Deciding on the books figures and occupancy forecast On the book figures are found by multiplication of the capacity and the physical occupancy levels as a percentage of the day Monday- 65%*200= 130 Tuesday- 60%*200= 120 Wednesday- 65%*200= 130 This means that the book figures are a representation of how the days should be and a percentage of the full capacity given for the hotels. Occupancy forecast is calculated as follows; Monday- 90%*200= 180 Tuesday- 85%*200= 170 Wednesday- 85%*200= 170 This means that the book figures and occupancy levels are a representation of how the days should be and a percentage of the full capacity given for the hotels. Hotel performance in the market taking into account the volume of competitors in the market With good facilities and good customer service, the hotel is expected to perfume fairly well and maintain a high customer interaction and service compared to the other competitors. Although, it is the lowest revenue earner with comparison to the other competitors, it can be the most improved if proper marketing and management are affected (Shy, 2008). The occupancy levels should at all timeis 90% if forecast revenue is anything to go by. The rooms that are accessible that are taken in a predefined time is what the occupancy of the hotel should be focused on. High occupancy levels should be a product of good services given by the hotel and the marketing done by the management to be able to surpass the competitors. It is therefore expected that the hotel should improve drastically and compete with its competitors in the market. Suitability of the hotel and location should also be taken into account for better marketing and revenue improvement (Shy, 2008). Considering that all the competitors mentioned here are four star and five star hotels, it means that the rates charged are almost the same and therefore the hotel is expected to perform the same as the others. Target market Market segmentation groups consumers with common needs and buying behaviors into a segment to become a basis for marketing. For the hotel, the target market includes the travelers, business people, government guests , people on leisure and those attending conventions in the city. All these are categories of people who make good customers by booking rooms that may even last for weeks (Sfodera, 2006). When the demand is low the following measures should be put in place. Managers of hotels can maximize revenues by making use of forecast information in capacity management, duration control and discount allocation. Revenue management is a better performance measure of a hotels performance and provides a more precise measure of performance than the average daily rate and occupancy rate method. The manager uses standard against actual revenue to measure performance (Revenue management, 2014). By using this method the management can adjust room rates based on demand of a specific market segment. The management may as a measure of boosting revenue package some products to suit the desires of the target market. For example, in terms of guest rooms, ancillary services and banquets (Yield management, 2012). the second measure that should be put in place is to focus on some customers for example offer discounts to business people, people seeking leisure, government guests and conventions. By doing so, the revenues of the hotel will be boosted because the reduction of room rates / prices will attract more customers ensuring that the occupancy rates is still optimal (Revenue Management, 2012). The management should lower prices of rooms to attain a competitive advantage over its competitors who are eyeing the same customers (Pak, 2005). Revenue management strategies used by hotels seek to maximize efficiency and sales so by focusing on high profit bookings when the demand is high the hotel can maximize profits. The hotel also increases bookings on low demand days. Improved seasonal pricing coupled with inventory decisions leads to optimal occupancy rate that ensures maximum profits for the hotel. The hotels management should also establish a value based rate structure through a revenue man agement system to maximize on revenues during off peak seasons in the hospitality industry (Revenue management, 2014). Potential revenue is calculated by most hotels as the amount the hotel would earn if all rooms were sold at the double occupancy rate. However, revenue mix takes into account the percentage mix of rooms sold at double occupancy and single. The competitors of this hotel were chosen because they are all in Sydney and pull almost the same levels of revenue and can all be put in the same category. Reaction and revenue management measure put in place when demand is higher than expected The revenue management measures put in place when demand is high are as follows; first, restrict or close discounts- to maximize the average rate it it recommendable to offer discounts to only those who book to stay longer and also I is advisable to restrict bookings to shorter stays to maximize on revenue. We may also apply restrictions to minimum length of stay which helps the hotel to increase room nights. It is necessary to study patterns of guests to decide how many nights they are likely to add to their stay (Rouse, Maguire and Harrison, 2011). During high demand periods the company should reduce allocations of groups to one room. This is a great tactic as it ensures that all rooms are occupied and fetch the highest rates possible which maximize the revenues for the hotel. Another measure to use is to eliminate or reduce 6 pomp holds (Ingold, 2012). The number of rooms that are unpaid and are held until 6p.m should be reduced when the demand is high to ensure that there are rooms available to fill. We should also tighten guarantee and cancellation policies to make sure that all the payments are made. We should ensure that the first night stay is charged during reservations to minimize cancellations (Hellermann, 2006). We should also ensure that full and maximum prices are applied to executive rooms and suites during high demand situations to maximize on the revenues. Also, apply tactics that are consistent with the competitors tactics to avoid giving the competitors a competitive advantage during high demand periods. Another measure that is helpful during high demand situations is to consider raising rates for packages. Discounts for packages offered by the hotels should be reduced to boost the revenues. References Cross, R. (2011).Revenue Management. Crown Business. Hellermann, R. (2006).Capacity options for revenue management. Berlin: Springer. Ingold, A. (2012).Yield management. Hampshire: Cengage Learning EMEA. Pak, K. (2005).Revenue management. Rotterdam: Erasmus Research Institute of Management. Revenue management. (2014). [Place of publication not identified]: Palgrave Macmillan. Revenue Management. (2012). Pearson College Div. Rouse, P., Maguire, W. and Harrison, J. (2011).Revenue management in service organizations. [New York, N.Y.]: Business Expert Press. Sfodera, F. (2006).The spread of yield management practices. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Shy, O. (2008).How to price. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Yield management. (2012). [Place of publication not identified]: Betascript Publishing.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Clinic management system Essay Essay Example

Clinic management system Essay Paper Introduction A system is a aggregation of elements that are organized for a common intent. The word sometimes describes the organisation or program itself ( and is similar in intending to method. as in â€Å"I have my ain small system† ) and sometimes depict the parts in the system ( as in â€Å"computer system† ) . A computing machine system consists of hardware constituents that have been carefully chosen so that they work good together and package constituents or plans that run in the computing machine. We will write a custom essay sample on Clinic management system Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Clinic management system Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Clinic management system Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This construct includes Information System. Information system can be defined as any agencies of pass oning cognition from one beginning to another. and/or from one individual to another. On the other manus. an information system is designed to supply the best possible information to its users. Information systems typically refer to computerise methods of seeking. storing and recovering information. An information system is all about supplying the most useable information needed. and is at that place to authorise users and fit them with the tools to make their occupations most efficaciously. An information system offers a litany of benefits that help to do the procedure of pull offing information easier. Cardinal entree. easy back up. cardinal distribution of information. easy record maintaining. every bit good as easy client trait designation. are merely a few of the benefits offered by an information system. Cardinal entree means all organisation members have one point to entree all organizationally public information and increases efficiency. Having information in a assortment of locations can be cumbersome and do information to be overlooked. With easy back up. the opportunities of lost informations are decreased and organisational staff will be given to endorse up more on a regular basis as the system is easy to voyage. To have the greatest benefit overall. it is of import to understand that it is an adaptable tool that should come on as your concern advancements. Information systems are seldom advanced concern solutions. They are designed to turn with you and heighten your organization’s information bringing in the procedure. In Computer System. It includes database for hive awaying informations and information. Not-for-profit organisations must track information about people including voluntaries. clients. possible givers. current givers. event attendants. who support or who might back up their plans and services. Pull offing this information is important. A database allows you to pull off and utilize an unbelievable assortment of information easy. Databases are easy to set-up. easy to pull strings and easy to utilize. A database allows you to keep order in what could be a really helter-skelter environment. Employees and voluntaries of not-for-profit organisations have to pull off existing resources really carefully. There may non be the resources to engage a full-time database director or a short-run adviser. Initial data base construction can be really basic. easy to utilize and to keep. Databases can be expanded and manipulated as your organisation grows and your resources addition. Background of the Study A Clinic in Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School provides wellness attention for the pupils thru regular physical and nutritionary appraisal. operational instructions and by giving accent on the ideals of a safe. healthy and drug free environment. Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School was conceived simply todecongest the large registration of so Paranaque Municipal High School that was in 1991. This was in under the supervising of Mrs. Rosa V. Sioson. the principal of PMHS. The school was named so PMHS Annex San Martin de Porres. It has a entire figure of 804 freshers and 422 sophomore enrollees with 38 instructors. A two-storey edifice with 16 suites situated along Km. 15 East Service Road. South Super Highway. San Martin de Porres. Paranaque City under the stewardship of Mr. Urbano E. Agustin as Officer-in-charge. was the lone edifice in usage that clip. Steady growing of registration occurred. 1993. because Dr. Filemon S. Salas. so Schools Division Superintendent of Pasay City Division. advocated andrecommended the constitutions of more autonimous municipal high school in Paranaque. school independency is worked out. Through the collaborative attempt of the school disposal. the Parents Teachers Association. the municipal functionaries and the community itself. Audience and hearings were made. Resolution was passed. And with the writing of Atty. Manuel de Guia. municipal councilor an president of commission of Education. a Municipal Ordinance No. 93-10 Series of 1993 was approved doing PMHS-Annex-San Martin de Porres an independent secondary school. The name Dr. Arcadio Santos. a native boy of Paranaque with model repute was adopted. Its immediate liberty benefited much the young person and community of District II specifically Brgy. San Martin de Porres. By 1994. registration tripled. From 1301 in 1993. it rose to 3033. An inflow of instructors besides occured to run into the learning demands of pupils. This was besides the twelvemonth that Department of Education Culture and Sports in conformity with the guidelines in DECS Order NO. . s. of 1989. approved and recognized Dr. Arcadio Santos High School as an independent secondary school. This twelvemonth on September 1. a mass assignment of instructors. 72 points. were given by the local authorities under the mayoral ship of Dr. Pablo Olivarez. September 1 besides became the footing of the jubilation of the school’s foundation twenty-four hours. School Year 1994-1995 sprouted another school in the name of DASHS Masville Annex. Mrs. Virginia B. Vecino was designated officer-in-charge with 167 instructors and about 300 pupils. Due to an ineluctable fortunes nevertheless. it was closed in the same twelvemonth. In 1995. another four-storey edifice with 24 suites was constructed to run into the increasing schoolroom demands of the stud entry under the local fund chaired by so Mayor Olivarez. A twelvemonth after. a two-storey edifice was erected through the state broad Development Fund of Cong. Roilo Golez. The edifice is now utilised as the school library in the 2nd floor and three schoolrooms for THE-I. A. in the land floor. In 1996. DASHS Annex was reopened. This clip it found its oasis at Don Galo in apposition with the Don Galo Elementary School. Mrs. Concepcion Bernaldez. the adjunct school principal. was designated officer-in-charge. It had 330 pupils ; First and Second twelvemonth degree with 16 instructors. In 1997. DASHS annex found its manner back once more toMasville with a entire population of 994. This was upon the completion of a four-storey edifice with 16 suites sponsored by Mayor Joey P. Marquez. In 1998. a complete secondary extension came to existence. Now it has a entire population of 1443 and 34 instructors administrating the demands of the pupil organic structure under the supervising of Dr. Teodulo N. Timtiman. II as Officer-in-charge. The 4th edifice named Golez Building sponsored by Cong. Roilo S. Golez. himself. has found its manner. This is a three-storey building with six schoolrooms and the land floor is an unfastened infinite used for plans and some other particular occasions of the school. August 22. 2000. a major event happened. Dr. Arcadio Santos High was converted into Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School in the City of Paranaque through a Republic Act No. 8844. Thios was made possible through the attempt of no other than the Lone Representative of Paranaque Congressman Roilo Golez. Truly. Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School after a decennary of being has reached its speak of excellence be it academic or construction wise. Its purpose to function par excellence and bring forth a productive and competitory citizen is needed a fruition of being. Statement of the Problem General ProblemThe general job of the survey is the manual operations in bring forthing intervention study and supervising the patient’s complaints. Specific ProblemHow to easy pull off the school clinic intervention record?Using manual system. the assigned clinic staff is difficult for them to pull off. form and bring forth all studies in the clinic particularly in the Treatment Report. How could they supervise the entire figure of complaints and how do they bring forth a study every month? All information of complaints collected will be store in the log book and so they merely make a study before the terminal of the month. How could they give an update to the DEPED ( Department of instruction ) division of Paranaque for the medical supplies needed by the clinic? The Treatment Report will be submitted to the caputoffice to reexamine all the types of complaints and to bring forth a demands of the clinic particularly the medical specialties. Aims of the StudyGeneral AimsThe general aims of the survey are to plan and develop package that will heighten the bing Treatment Report System for a better one. Specific AimsThey can easy pull off their record procedure utilizing the computerized intervention study with supervising patient’s complaints. Pull offing the records daily would be easier with the aid of the proposed system without holding troubles in which the nurse and the tooth doctor can oversee all the demands of medicines for each patient. The proposed system will automatically number the entire figure of complaints every hebdomad. Alternatively of Monthly Report. the nurse and the tooth doctor will bring forth the study hebdomadally by the usage of the proposed system. They can easy update the DEPED ( Division of Paranaque ) sing the medical supplies of the school clinic. By the usage of a proposed system. they can direct petition to the chief office for the medical supply hebdomadally. Scope and the Boundary line ScopeThe range of the survey can enter the pupils and school forces information who admitted inside the school clinic. It can automatically optimise in pull offing all the records together with the medicine demands of the patients. The information including the name. age. grade/year degree. reference. contact figure and etc. . can modify and update the informations by utilizing control choice of the proposed system. The survey is merely for Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School ( clinic ) . It has a security that the School Nurse. School Dentist. pupils or other school forces who can merely entree the system. Besides. utilizing their ain history in the propoed system theNurse and the Dentist can bring forth the studies and can update the information stored in the database. Boundary lineThe proposed system has an history security for the users so that all unauthorised individual outside the school premises are non allowed to utilize. Besides. the pupils and principal are can non bring forth the Treatment Reports and the proposed system does non back up for the online services. Significance of the surveyThe proposed Computerized Treatment Report with Monitoring Patient’s complaint system has the ability to execute with different characteristics such as fast. accurate and user-friendly. For this ground. the proposed system benefits non merely its primary user but besides the advocates. future research workers. and the country’s I. T industry. For the UsersThe premier donee of the proposed system is the User. This system will assist them easy to treat their minutess. Because of this is a friendly user. the job can be easy work out and the minutess done good. Besides the dealing will be enhanced from manual to computerise one. For the AdvocatesThe proposed system besides benefits the proponent’s method of believing. While making the system. each advocate will heighten his cognition and show his ideas or thoughts in order to make and implement a new design and the system public presentation every bit good. The proposed system will besides assist them to analyse the flow of minutess and hint every jobs encountered. For the Future ResearchersThis proposed system will assist the hereafter research workers because it will function as their mention. It will function as their footing in analysing the current position of Monitoring System. Because of this. other advocates will be able to better the said system as they create a new design. For the IT IndustryThe IT Industry will profit this survey because they create coders that can assist them to better and develop more in footings of heightening the latest computerized systems. Conceptual Model Figure 1. 0 shows the bing system for bring forthing a Treatment Report every month. First. the Medical staff will inquire inquiry to the patient which includes Name. Address and Contact Number together with the complaints. All the information gathered are manually Record in the Log Book that serves as a database. After entering all information. the medical staff will now look into if there is an available first assistance medicine for the peculiar complaint. If no. the patient will be transfer to the other clinics and the medical staff will now enter the medical demands inside the school clinic. After a month. the Medical staff will now number all the entire figure of complaints and bring forth a Treatment Report by utilizing a saloon chart. It is struggle for the staff to bring forth a study because of excessively many record stored in Log book. The study will be submitted to the chief office of the Department of Education ( DEPED ) Division of Paranaque and after reexamining the chart. it is the clip to direct a supply of medical specialties into the school. Conceptual Model Figure 1. 1 shows the Computerized System for bring forthing a Treatment Report every hebdomad alternatively of monthly study. First. the Medical staff will inquire inquiry to the patient which includes Name. Address and Contact Number together with the complaints. All the information gathered will type in the proposed system with SQL database. After entering all information. the medical staff will now seek to the database for the available medical specialties. Every hebdomad. the Medical Staff bring forth the Treatment Report by utilizing the proposed system. It is easy for them to carry through the study because it is automatically tally all the complaints records counted saved on the database. Operational Footings:Analysis – the procedure of interrupting down a something into its parts to larn what they do and how they relate to one another. Ailments – a physical upset or unwellness. particularly of a minor or chronic nature. Clinic – a category of medical direction in which patients are examined and discussed Data – factual information ( as measurings or statistics ) used as a footing for concluding. treatment. or computation. Database – a comprehensive aggregation of related informations organized for convenient entree. by and large in a computing machine. Design – to fix the preliminary study or the programs for ( a work to be executed ) particularly to be after the signifier and construction. Input – informations to be entered into a computing machine for processing. the procedure of presenting informations into the internal storage ofa computing machine. Medication – the usage or application of medical specialty. a medicative substance. Monitoring –Supervising activities in advancement to guarantee they are on-course and on-schedule in run intoing the aims and public presentation marks. Output – information in a signifier suitable for transmittal from internal to external units of a computing machine. or to an outside medium. Process – a systematic series of actions directed to some terminal. a uninterrupted action. operation. or series of alterations taking placein a definite mode: Programmer – a individual who writes computing machine package.Programing – is the comprehensive procedure that leads from an original preparation of a computer science job to feasible plans. It involves activities such as analysis. apprehension. and generically work outing such jobs ensuing in an algorithm. Report – is any informational work ( normally of composing. address. telecasting. or movie ) made with the specific purpose in relaying information or telling certain events in a widely presentable signifier. School forces –a organic structure of individuals normally employed in a school. Software – is a aggregation of computing machine plans and related informations that provides the instructions for stating a computing machine what to make and how to make it. SQL – Structured Query Language is a standard computing machine linguistic communication for relational database direction and information use. is used to question.insert. update and modify informations. System Design – is the procedure of specifying the architecture. constituents. faculties. interfaces and informations for a system to fulfill specified demands. Transaction – information processing that is divided into single. indivisible operations. a unit of work performed within a database direction system Treatment – The procedure or mode of handling person or something. C H A P T E R II Review of Related Studies and Literature This Chapter consists of reappraisal related literature and a survey that includes the local and foreign survey to do relevance our survey. It besides discusses the different mentions and text that are relevant to the surveies. Related Literature the research workers cited some of the related literature made by different research workers which are rather similar to the present survey. These related literatures can assist the research workers in analysing the jobs that the present survey will meet in the hereafter. Foreign Literature1. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Clinic Management System. â€Å"Clinic direction is introduced to optimise clinic’s operation. Because of immense alterations in direction presents. direction for clinic is of import due to the widely spread of engineering. † Harmonizing to the cyberspace the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Clinic. This system is proposed for clinic in UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka ( UTeM ) to pull off the clinic’s operation expeditiously. The procedure in developing the system include patient’s clinic in UTeM. The country consists of the user in clinic which is physician and clinic helper. Basically there are no such systems in the clinic. The system usage before has caused a batch of jobs to the user. Due to that. utilizing manual system seems to be the lone solutions in pull offing the day-to-day plants. The system will assist out the user in the clinic in pull offing the work. 2. On-line Constructions of Metrosexuality and Masculinities. â€Å"A metrosexual can be defined as a adult male who is egotistic in nature. loves his urban life style and is a consecutive adult male who is in touch with his feminine side. † Harmonizing to Matthew Hall on his Cultural Studies On-line Constructions of Metrosexuality and Masculinities. A British journalist named Mark Simpson devised this word. It can be said that any urban male of any sexual orientation who spends a batch of clip and money on his visual aspect and life style is known as a metrosexual. There are a big figure of famous persons out there who are celebrated icons such as David Beckham. Brad Pitt. Robbie Williams. P. Diddy and George Clooney. 3. Mediwise Clinic Management Software â€Å"Mediwise Clinic Management Software is a to the full incorporate solution for the concern and clinical demands of medical medical specialty clinics. † Harmonizing to the cyberspace Cynthia Anderson tells that the Mediwise references of all the facility’s informations processing demands: Patient Accounting. EMR. Referral Management. Scheduling. Case and Encounters Management and Financials. It provides doctors. clinicians. and wellness attention executives with the necessary information to do critical determinations about the patient and the endeavor. Local Literature1. Harmonizing to Dean Francis Alfair. Filipino work forces are passing 1000000s to look and experience good. As was stated in his article. â€Å"Machos in the Mirror† . a metrosexual like himself doesn’t by and large think of himself as vain. but so there’s this incident where Mr. Alfair retrieve from high school: some of his friends were assembled at his house so that they could all sit together to a party. As they were acquiring dressed in their Spandau Ballet-inspired finery ( so the tallness of manner ) . one of the barkada produced. from out of the deepnesss of his bag. a can of mousse. which none of them hapless males had of all time seen or even heard of earlier. Naturally. they all had to force out some into their custodies and smear it on their hair. Not cognizing that they were so supposed to blow-dry or otherwise manner it. they left the house feeling snazzy. while looking reasonably much the same as they had prior to using the mousse at most. their hair was a small damper. mistily crispy in texture. and surely stickier than earlier. But they felt absolutely transformed. 2. Harmonizing to Noel Manucom. caput of planning and scheme at Splash cosmetics. the quest for beauty may besides be perceived as a pursuit for societal equality. â€Å"Filipinos. particularly those in the C and D ( categories ) . are still influenced by their colonial outlook that white tegument and a tall olfactory organ are what those in high society have. † Manucom says. â€Å"They may non be able to afford to hold their nose done. but the desire to hold a fairer tegument can be met by purchasing merchandises. † In fact. the double-digit growing in tegument attention popularity among Filipino males over the last six old ages is mostly attributable to skin-whitening expressions. Pinoys are still devoted to hair attention merchandises and aroma above anything else — with turning involvement in bath washes. unwritten hygiene. and weight loss or addition — yet skin attention is acknowledged to be the chief fuel of the Philippine beauty industry. 3. Harmonizing to Fairview Physician Associates -Medical student-run wellness clinics have become popular plans among medical schools for furthering instruction and community service among pupils. The proliferation of these clinics has non. nevertheless. coincided with a better apprehension of these programs’ impact on medical instruction or public wellness. There are no informations of how many student-run clinics exist or how many schools have one. Foreign Surveies1. Clinics Management System ( CMS ) based on Patient Centered Process Ontology â€Å"A major job faced by today’s health care is the increasing diverseness and distinction. New medical fortes are invariably created: there exist a big figure of functions in patient attention and many different public and private organizations† Harmonizing to Prasad M. Jayaweera ( University of Ruhuna. Sri Lanka ) the procedure oriented concern ontologies are developed in client centered mode in order to develop concern systems applications to supply more and more value added services to aim consumers. This tendency is besides valid in health care sector although there are some limitations and restrictions that can be noticed in Sri Lankan. 2. Patient Management System by Terrence Adam. BS Pharmacy MD PhD â€Å"Any tool used to aids in the bringing of clinical attention from the point of attention induction to completion† Harmonizing to Terrence Adam. involvement in Patient Management Systems with anterior experience as clinical user in pharmaceutics and medical specialty development and rating of a patient monitoring system usage of secondary informations for surveillance applications rating. It is for one halt beginning of information. 3. Computerized Health Records Management System for Kitagata Hospital â€Å"Health records direction is such an of import country in wellness attention bringing because without proper records. planning is rendered difficult† Harmonizing to Charles Namibara. the purpose of his survey was to construct a computerized records direction system that would be more effectual and efficient than the bing manual system in Kitagata Hospital. This was done by looking at the bing wellness records direction system. analyzing its strong and weak points design and execution of a new system. Interviews. observation and document reappraisals were tools used in informations aggregation. MySQL database direction system. Apache waiter. PHP scripting linguistic communication embaded in HTML were used for design. Related SurveiesThe reappraisal of related surveies is an indispensable portion of any probe. Thestudy of the related surveies is a important facet of the planning of the survey. The designation of a job. tyre development of a Research design and finding of the size and range of the attention and strength with which a research worker has examined the literature related to the intended research. Local Surveies1. Clinical Information Management for Divine’s Clinic Malolos City â€Å"Our Journey towards the execution of a Clinical information system to the Critical Care Environment† Harmonizing to the above statement. there have been a important progresss in medical engineering used in patient intervention and attention. The Intensive Care Unit ( ICU ) in an acute infirmary is designed to handle the most complex and unstable medical and surgical patient. 2. A Comprehensive Online Clinic Management System â€Å"Online clinic direction system are designed to instantly enter the patients’ information† Harmonizing to the Rosa Sta. Maria the chief job of Villa-Santarromana Dental Clinic is that they have the manual manner on entering. tracking. and pull offing patients petition which sometimes lead to slower dealing within the clients. This survey was aimed to designed and develop an online clinic direction solution that will function as proposal to assist the tooth doctor and staff to salvage clip and resources with the mechanization of its day-to-day clinic operations. 3. Patient Profiling SystemWEST VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY DENTAL CLINIC â€Å"Health is metabolic efficiency. illness is metabolic deficiency† Harmonizing to Ms. Venus Papilota Diaz. information engineering pupil. thatwellness is of import. One topographic point that we can trust on is the so called â€Å"Clinic† that provides primary assistance and attention that will extinguish or at least decrease up our troubles when in hurting. When the dealing of entering the patient’s information is more rapidly it will assist quickly the medical staffs in their purchases to help the Dentist to care for their patients. SynthesisThe Computerized Treatment Report with Monitoring of Patient’s Ailment will assist the school to heighten efficiency and will bring forth accurate study for the clinic.This system provides an mandate for the user to entree the dealing like bring forthing studies and supervising the patients. View as multi-pages

Monday, November 25, 2019

Glossary of Cold War Terms

Glossary of Cold War Terms Every war has its own jargon and the Cold War, despite the fact that there was no open fighting, was no exception. The following is a list of terms used during the Cold War. The most worrisome term  is definitely the broken arrow. ABM Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) are designed to shoot down ballistic missiles (rockets carrying nuclear weapons) before they reach their targets. Arms race Massive military build-up, especially of nuclear weapons, by both the Soviet Union and the United States in an effort to gain military superiority. Brinkmanship Purposely escalating a dangerous situation to the limit ( brink), while giving the impression that you are willing to go to war, in the hope of pressuring your opponents to back down. Broken arrow A nuclear bomb that is either lost, stolen, or accidentally launched that causes a nuclear accident. Though broken arrows made great movie plots throughout the Cold War, the most serious real-life broken arrow occurred on January 17, 1966, when a U.S. B-52 crashed off the coast of Spain. Though all four of the nuclear bombs aboard the B-52 were eventually recovered, radioactive material contaminated large areas around the crash site. Checkpoint Charlie A crossing point between West Berlin and East Berlin when the Berlin Wall divided the city. Cold War The struggle for power between the Soviet Union and the United States that lasted from the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union. The war was considered cold because the aggression was ideological, economic, and diplomatic rather than a direct military conflict. Communism An economic theory in which collective ownership of property leads to a classless society. The form of government in the Soviet Union in which the state owned all means of production and was led by a centralized, authoritarian party. This was viewed as the antithesis of democracy in the United States. Containment Fundamental U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War in which the U.S. tried to contain Communism by preventing it from spreading to other countries. DEFCON An acronym for defense readiness condition. The term is followed by a number (one to five) which informs the U.S. military to the severity of the threat, with DEFCON 5 representing normal, peacetime readiness to DEFCON 1 warning the need for maximum force readiness, i.e. war. Detente The relaxing of tension between the superpowers. See details in  Successes and Failures of Dà ©tente in the Cold War. Deterrence theory A theory that proposed a massive build-up of military and weaponry in order to threaten a destructive counter-attack to any potential attack. The threat was intended to prevent, or deter, anyone from attacking. Fallout shelter Underground structures, stocked with food and other supplies, that were intended to keep people safe from radioactive fallout following a nuclear attack. First strike capability The ability of one country to launch a surprise, massive nuclear attack against another country. The goal of a first strike is to wipe out most, if not all, of the opposing countrys weapons and aircraft, leaving them unable to launch a counter-attack. Glasnost ​ A policy promoted during the latter half of the 1980s in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Gorbachev in which government secrecy (which had characterized the past several decades of Soviet policy) was discouraged and open discussion and distribution of information was encouraged. The term translates to openness in Russian. Hotline ​ A direct line of communication between the White House and the Kremlin  established in 1963. Often called the red telephone. ICBM ​ Intercontinental ballistic missiles were missiles that could carry nuclear bombs across thousands of miles. iron curtain ​ A term used by Winston Churchill  in a speech to describe the growing divide between western democracies and Soviet-influenced states. Limited Test Ban Treaty Signed August 5, 1963, this treaty is a worldwide agreement to prohibit nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, outer space, or underwater. Missile gap ​ The concern within the U.S. that the Soviet Union had greatly surpassed the U.S. in its stockpile of nuclear missiles. Mutually assured destruction ​ MAD was the guarantee that if one superpower launched a massive nuclear attack, the other would reciprocate by also launching a massive nuclear attack, and both countries would be destroyed. This ultimately became the prime deterrent against a nuclear war between the two superpowers. Perestroika ​ Introduced in June 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev, an economic policy to decentralize the Soviet economy. The term translates to restructuring in Russian. SALT   Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were negotiations between the Soviet Union and the United States to limit the number of newly created nuclear weapons. The first negotiations extended from 1969 to 1972 and resulted in SALT I (the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) in which each side agreed to keep their strategic ballistic missile launchers at their current numbers and provided for the increase in submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) in proportion to the decrease in number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM). The second round of negotiations extended from 1972 to 1979 and resulted in SALT II (the second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) which provided a broad range of limitations on offensive nuclear weapons. Space race   A competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to prove their superiority in technology through increasingly impressive accomplishments in space. The race to space began in 1957 when the Soviet Union successfully launched the first satellite,  Sputnik. Star Wars   Nickname (based on the  Star Wars  movie trilogy) of U.S. President Ronald Reagans plan to research, develop, and build a space-based system that could destroy incoming nuclear missiles. Introduced March 23, 1983, and officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). superpower   A country that dominates in political and military power. During the Cold War, there were two superpowers: the Soviet Union and the United States. U.S.S.R.   The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), also commonly called the Soviet Union, was a country that consisted of what is now Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Network analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Network analysis - Essay Example Having many connections would mean an opportunity from a businessman’s point of view. While it is true that a network could exactly do this, its general meaning does not literally mean that one must confine its application in the business context alone. A network is everywhere and since the earliest time of the human existence it already existed for as long as the presence of communication, interaction and the ability of social beings to relate with each other in myriad ways were remarkably present. Today, everyone has personal connection, but the good point with a network is the opportunity that one’s network could also be part of somebody else’s. No one could contest that if one would based it on the observation, this is the product of the ability of each individual to relate to everyone in a specific way using technological innovation. There are many ways on how to allow a person to relate with the other. In fact, today there is a maximum effort that people in itiated. Technology has played a crucial role in ensuring successful network. Apple Incorporated is just one of the companies trying to innovate possibilities on how to explore the ultimate potential and concepts behind a network. The presence of mobile gadgets, created to enhance communication is in reality tries to augment the full potential of the management context. In other words, a network in great detail has substantial application in creating social connection in the digital age and in the networked society (Papacharissi, 2011; Van Dijk, 2005). Network therefore nowadays is strongly powered by the existence of advanced technology and new technological innovations in the future. It would be easy to keep in touch with someone and to keep information flows around in a fast pace. In the presence of these advantages, companies, organizations and individuals learn to appreciate the fact that in the management context there must have many things that need to be considered when a ne twork has to be taken into account. A network is therefore a complex concept because technology which is constantly innovating tries to influence it in many ways. This means that a network changes dynamically as technology itself modifies its forms in a vigorous way. Network therefore is about connection, in which today’s advanced society could also mean as the use of technology in connecting people and allowing almost everyone around the globe to keep in touch dynamically in the most possible and even convenient way in the age of globalisation and digital revolution (Grewal, 2008). This is a stong image depicted by a society that has burly dependence on the emergence of technology and other related technological innovation that is particularly linked up with information. The emergence of social networking media is a fundamental example how network is integrating social and technological concerns. With the aid of technological advancement, it is now easy to connect everyone a nd be part of the whole network that allows each member to freely communicate, interact and exchange remarkable information. In other words, the emergence of major social networking platforms for instance is just a remarkable indication how people place the modern network into high level of exploitation. Many people have seen the power of the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The Pentateuch Torah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Pentateuch Torah - Essay Example Why was Abraham chosen It does not reflect on the reason. Yet such a choice shows that either god did not know what he was doing or that what he has befriended is just a manner of showing how priviledged a person could be to be a messenger of god for no reason apparent but that god 'feels' like choosing him. Also, if Abraham was the father of all prophets and has his descendants to be kings and prophets and the chosen people among humans who will carry out the love and message of god to all his creations, then why bestow it on his children Why wasn't the choosing of a prophet something relying on intellect from people who have exhibited understanding of the universe by sole understanding through and by themselves which makes them deserve such choice Why is it that children who were only lucky to be children of prophetic parents and messengers of god get the priviledge of being prophets in return without having to seek it at all in their life Is it because god sees that they will be raised a good raise and that they will be directed to the right path since their childhood and that they will never have to exert effort to make people like or fight for their purpose after paining efforts to convince them but that god will do that for them What is the reason of such priviledge Also, why is it that Moses believes that his brother aaron could be more of an orator to the pharaoh other than himself whom he fears might complicate things and not deliver the message properly because he has killed someone against their fight with an Israelite Isn't he a child of god And why does he face a stained reputation as a killer of someone who is not Israelite when god could have given him the reputation worthy of kings without having to kill someone to face the pharaoh in such as the manner indicated in the torah(the fear of confrontation and of being killed) Also, why is it that such a person has to live away from his family and friends when he has to become a prophet Why does a prophet seek seclusion to meet god and talk to him Why couldn't he do it in public Why leave out all the other people Why would god want this Why would he want people to believe in his presence without seeing him and for prophets such as Moses to see him to confirm to them that what they are delivering from messages of god to ordinary people is not a hoax to them What is the purpose The Pentateuch has some difficulties to be confronted throughout reading it, one of the major difficulties are understanding the linguistics and vocabulary of the language which has been evolving throughout the ages of its writing and exposure to changes of social and understanding of the world and universe when explaining the world to people who know nothing beyond what is in the papers of the book, the Pentateuch The torah has problems such as understanding what the word of god is and how extremely important it is. Giving the followers of Moses the privilidge of talking to people and saying that they are the chosen children of god, why are they massacred throughout history and hated so much Is it because of the ancestors' misunderstanding of the torah and of Moses and his teachings when he returned back from the mountain after having spoken to god about the teachings which must be ruling the earth Why haven't they accepted it Why has god chosen a people

Monday, November 18, 2019

Exploring the Potential Health Effects of Exposure to Electric and Research Paper

Exploring the Potential Health Effects of Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMFs) - Research Paper Example Current appliances like radio and television rely on EMFs for their functioning. EMFs have a substantial technological value. Figure 1. Highest 60 Hz transmission voltage in North America *image taken from Nair (1989, 4) Voltage produces electric fields. Electric fields are greater when the voltage is higher. An electric field can be found in any domestic device that is connected to a source of electricity, although it is not functioning. Magnetic fields are produced by electricity running through a wire. The intensity of magnetic fields amplifies with electricity; hence, an intensified magnetic field can be found near a domestic device that operates on ‘high’ (Kheifets et al., 2006, 1532). An electrical device should be connected to a source of electricity and should be functioning to produce a magnetic field. EMFs are present in all devices that use electricity, like televisions, radios, computers, and other domestic devices. Magnetic fields linked to electrical device s are normally greater than those fields present in close proximity to power lines. Levels of EMF are greater near their source and decrease drastically with distance. This explains why there are greater EMF levels from particular domestic devices than from close by power lines (Al-Khamees, 2008, 730). All the same, most people at present are exposed to EMFs for they arise every time electricity is turned on. Throughout the recent decade, scientific research has expressed concerns about potential detrimental health impacts associated with EMFs. A number of scientists claim that it is not possible for EMFs to have any significant impacts, but others differ. Even so, since electricity is used heavily and broadly and EMF sources are in all places, every individual at present is inescapably exposed to them. Hence, identifying any health or biologic impacts that could be related to EMF exposures is profoundly crucial. It is clearly apparent why a great deal of emphasis has been placed on the likelihood that power-frequency EMFs are linked to negative impacts. Researchers who examine how people react to risk have found out that specific forms of risks draw out more forceful reactions than others. Cancer is one of the health risks that have been linked to exposure to EMFs. Children are found out to be highly vulnerable to leukemia and potential behavioral and reproductive risks (National Research Council, 1997, 17). Sources of the empirically identified EMF risks are mostly inflicted on individuals and are beyond their control. Moreover, the EMFs that are the root of the empirically identified risks are undetectable and strange to many (Office of Technology Assessment, 2002, 1). All such aspects force a lot of people to react with worry and concern to the possible hazards related to exposure to EMFs. When an essential resource like electricity is found out to be linked to detrimental health consequences, it is easy to comprehend why concerns and worries have taken pl ace. It is evident as well that the possible health impacts are simply one aspect of the concern. If tremendous efforts are exerted to lessen power-frequency EMF exposures, a substantial amount of money will have to be used up, such as to remodel domestic devices and residential electrical system, or to cover distribution and transmission lines (Mcmahan, Lutz,

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Censorship And Right To Free Speech And Expression Philosophy Essay

Censorship And Right To Free Speech And Expression Philosophy Essay Right of free speech, one of the fundamental building blocks of a liberal democracy, has often been at odds with the hindrance posed by censorship to the unabated exercise of such right. While the use of censorship as a weapon to stifle counter opinions has indeed been granted socio-political legitimacy in regimes authoritarian as well as liberal, nonetheless, the intrinsic importance of the role played by censorship as a shield rather than a sword can hardly be neglected. In course of this paper, the author intends to emphasize that the very divergent nature of social mores in different jurisdictions and across different regimes worldwide strengthens the necessity for existence of censorship, albeit in varying degrees to suit the differing requirements of the aforesaid regimes. Any attempt to evolve a universalistic practice has scarce little options other than to turn into more of a farcical legitimization of Super Power Hegemonies, owing to the blatant disregard of the said inhere nt diversities that such universalism is likely to enforce. I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. Evelyn Beatrice Hall  [1]   Goebbels was in favor of free speech for views he liked. So was Stalin. If youre in favor of free speech, then youre in favor of freedom of speech precisely for views you despise. Otherwise, youre not in favor of free speech. Noam Chomsky  [2]   When compared with the suppression of anarchy every other question sinks into insignificance. The anarchist is the enemy of humanity, the enemy of all mankind, and his is a deeper degree of criminality than any other. No immigrant is allowed to come to our shores if he is an anarchist; and no paper published here or abroad should be permitted circulation in this country if it propagates anarchist opinions. Theodore Roosevelt  [3]   Free Speech and Censorship A Brief Introduction Free Speech is one of the constitutional guarantees of a liberal democracy a right recognized by all International Human Rights Documents. It is an amalgamation of the Right to Freedom of Conscience, Thought, Choice and the ultimate expression, without being subjected to arbitrary blocks on its enjoyment, in the form of Censorship. Censorship, on the other hand, is the process of imposing checks, direct or indirect, governmental or otherwise, on the exercise of ones Right to Free Speech. Apparently, this phenomenon can be perceived as a blunt curb on ones basic Right to Liberty, but on another plane, it can be looked at in the form of a necessary evil a limitation on ones Human Rights in order to uphold the Communitys Human Rights. The broad social purposes of censorship can be laid down as to ensure that ordinary members of the community are not affronted by the display of material to which a majority of reasonable adults would object, to maintain a level of public decency, and to avoid the undesirable social effects which may flow from the normalisation, by its use in entertainment or other dissemination, of undesirable material.  [4]   This paper aims to look at the interconnected nature of the two, keeping in mind the inherent diversities in different socio-political systems, and varied constructions of the two phenomena ultimately leading to the unmistakable impressions about the questions of Democracy, Politics and Power. In course of this article, the author has accepted as a foundational hypothesis the fact that throughout history and across jurisdictions, it has been noted that Censorship has been more often than not used to suppress counter-opinions be it political or religious; this practice has been conferred political and legal legitimacy in jurisdictions alike, be it the most Authoritarian or the most Democratic of regimes. Suffice to say that more often than not, Censorship has been used as a sword rather than as a shield. However, this does not take away the intrinsic value of the check. Indeed, the need for Censorship is evident from the divergent nature of the social mores, albeit differently in different jurisdictions trying to evolve a universalistic practice would thus disregard these inherent diversities, and would be more of a farcical legitimization of super power hegemonies. Categories of Censorship Paul O Higgins distinguishes Censorship into the following types  [5]  : Autonomous Self-censorship brought about by conscious or unconscious motives, which makes an individual wither to refrain from expressing his or her views or alter the same. Social Discouragement of the expression of certain ideas, either through socialization or sanctions, which lead to the emergence of taboos. Legal Enforcement of restraint by legal institutions such as the government, police and the courts prior censorship or penal censorship. Extra-legal Telephone Tapping, d-notices, limited release of information about defendant at trial. Voluntary When an institution with shared common beliefs lays down upon constituents limitations on what they should or should not say or do, without sanctions Press Council norms, etc. Subterranean When an individual or institution uses powers set aside for another purpose to impose censorship without direct government involvement political censorship. Free Speech and Censorship An International Human Rights Recognition Free Speech is an internationally guaranteed Civil and Political Right. However, this Right is subject to Reasonable Restrictions in the form of Censorship in most Human Rights Treaties and Systems. The main reason that can be attributed to such restraint is the requirement of public policy the apprehensions about the abhorrent effects that an unbridled exercise of this Right may produce. Given below is a list of the provisions from different Human Rights Treaties both International and Regional, which deal with the Human Right to Free Speech, and the operation of Censorship upon it. Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Article 19, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1) Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. (2) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. (3) The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals. General Comment No. 10 (29/06/83): Paragraph 1 requires protection of the right to hold opinions without interference. This is a right to which the Covenant permits no exception or restriction. Paragraph 2 requires protection of the right to freedom of expression, which includes not only freedom to impart information and ideas of all kinds, but also freedom to seek and receive them regardless of frontiers and in whatever medium, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. Paragraph 3 expressly stresses that the exercise of the right to freedom of expression carries with it special duties and responsibilities and for this reason certain restrictions on the right are permitted which may relate either to the interests of other persons or to those of the community as a whole. Article 10, European Convention on Human Rights (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. (2) The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. Article 13, Inter-American Convention on Human Rights (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and expression. This right includes freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing, in print, in the form of art, or through any other medium of ones choice. (2)  The exercise of the right provided for in the foregoing paragraph shall not be subject to prior censorship but shall be subject to subsequent imposition of liability, which shall be expressly established by law to the extent necessary to ensure: (a)  respect for the rights or reputations of others; or (b) the protection of national security, public order, or public health or morals. (3) The right of expression may not be restricted by indirect methods or means, such as the abuse of government or private controls over newsprint, radio broadcasting frequencies, or equipment used in the dissemination of information, or by any other means tending to impede the communication and circulation of ideas and opinions. (4) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 above, public entertainments may be subject by law to prior censorship for the sole purpose of regulating access to them for the moral protection of childhood and adolescence. (5) Any propaganda for war and any advocacy of national, racial, or religious hatred that constitute incitements to lawless violence or to any other similar action against any person or group of persons on any grounds including those of race, color, religion, language, or national origin shall be considered as offenses punishable by law. Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression in all its forms and manifestations is a fundamental and inalienable right of all individuals. Additionally, it is an indispensable requirement for the very existence of a democratic societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Every person has the right to seek, receive and impart information and opinions freely under terms set forth in Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights. All people should be afforded equal opportunities to receive, seek and impart information by any means of communication without any discrimination for reasons of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, economic status, birth or any other social conditionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Prior censorship, direct or indirect interference in or pressure exerted upon any expression, opinion or information transmitted through any means of oral, written, artistic, visual or electronic communication must be prohibited by law. Restrictions to the free circulation of ideas and opinions, as well as the arbitrary imposition of information and the imposition of obstacles to the free flow of information violate the right to freedom of expressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Prior conditioning of expressions, such as truthfulness, timeliness or impartiality, is incompatible with the right to freedom of expression recognized in international instruments. These inherent variations in the level and nature of governmental control over Freedom of Expression also accounted for in the National Constitutions, Statutes and Judicial Decisions collectively constitute the subject-matter of an interesting study, especially in light of the fact that they are also indicative of the extent of democratization and totalitarianism inherent in these countries. Thus, the First Amendment to the US Constitution  [6]  and the Glavlit System of Pre-Censorship existent in former USSR and many East European Countries  [7]  , throw light on two different ends of the spectrum. Somewhere in the middle lies the Brit-ECHR system of giving a bag full of Rights, and then putting sufficient, and very often, more than sufficient, restrictions on their enjoyment. These variations are the results of the systems of governance and the Historical Evolution of Free Speech in these national jurisdictions inasmuch as they account for an enormous blow upon those who tend to argue about the Universalistic Nature of International Human Rights. Censorship and Free Speech A Nexus with Questions of Power, Authority, Liberty and Democracy: A Comparative Critique of World Systems and Disputes of Theories John Locke, one of the Founding Fathers of the Liberal View, advocated a Minimalist State intervention regime in his Life, Liberty and Property, which, according to him, were inalienable rights.  [8]  John Stuart Mills Theory of Marketplace of Ideas stated that if we suppress an opinion, it may turn out to be true. To assume otherwise is to assume that we are infallible, which is not the case  [9]  . According to O.W. Holmes, the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, and that truth is the only ground upon which their wishes safely can be carried outà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in Abrams v. U.S.  [10]  where, in his dissenting judgement, he also laid down that a governmental regulation on Free Speech is only justified where it is used to dispel a clear and immiment danger. Otherwise, the market should be left to determine the veracity of the assertion. This opinion of Holmes was later accepted by the US Supreme Court whe n it overturned Abrams  [11]  and upheld Holmes Clear and Imminent Danger Theory in Brandanburg v. Ohio  [12]  during the Vietnam War. According to Prof. Rodney O. Smolla  [13]  , Free Speech Serves Five Purposes in a Democracy: (a) As a means of participation, (a) Serving the purpose of Truth, (c) Facilitating majority rule, (d) Providing Restraint on Tyranny and Corruption by keeping the Government in Check, and (e) ensuring stability by allowing minority voices to be heard.  [14]   However, the Marketplace of Ideas rationale for Freedom of Speech has been criticized by scholars on the grounds that it is wrong to assume the assertion that all ideas will enter the marketplace of ideas, and even if they do, some ideas may drown out others merely because they enjoy dissemination through superior resources. The marketplace is also criticized for its assumption that truth will necessarily triumph over falsehood. It is visible throughout history that people may be swayed by emotion rather than reason, and even if truth ultimately prevails, enormous harm can occur in the interim. Alan Haworth, in his book Free Speech (1998)  [15]  , has suggested that the metaphor of a marketplace of ideas is misleading. He opines that Mills classic defence of free speech does not develop the idea of a market (as later suggested by Holmes) but essentially argues for the freedom to develop and discuss ideas in the search for truth or understanding. In developing this argument, Hawor th says, Mill pictured society not as a marketplace of ideas, but as something more like a large-scale academic seminar. This implies the need for tacit standards of conduct and interaction, including some degree of mutual respect. That may well limit the kinds of speech that are justifiably protected. Political Extremism and Censorship This is an issue that is very essential and relevant in the contemporary world the question whether one should allow a platform for Fundamentalist and Extremist Organizations like the Al Qaida to propagate freely their views through their Private Television the Al Jazeera TV, or ought there be governmental curbs on such broadcasting. An interesting debate on this subject had been voiced in the May, 1994 issue of The Guardian  [16]  , where two noted columnists argued on a similar issue related to providing a platform to the extremist British Nationalist Party. According to Seamus Milne  [17]  , who advocated a curb on the BNPs Right to Free Speech, the BNP necessarily violates the Human Rights of a large section of the population, and, by doing so, it has justified the abridgement of their Right to Freedom of Speech. The oxygen of publicity, if given to them, would help the spread of racism. On the other hand, Polly Toynbee  [18]  argued that the banning of a particular group may set a precedent by which any group that does not conform to a norm is rendered prone to a similar ban. According to him, Free Speech is not absolute but we must be free to speak our political minds, and listen to political opinions of others, however nasty.  [19]  This statement of his has an uncanny resemblance to the Marketplace of Ideas Theory, thereby highlighting its relevance in the contemporary world. Use of Offensive Language on College Campuses The issue was the imposition of a Speech Code banning the use of offensive language at Stanford University. According to Gerald Gunther  [20]  , Speech should not and cannot be banned simply because it is offensive to substantial parts of, or a majority of, a community. The refusal to suppress offensive speech is one of the most difficult obligations the free speech principle imposes upon all of us; yet it is also one of the First Amendments greatest glories indeed, it is a central test of a communitys commitment to free speech. However, Charles Lawrence  [21]  opined that restrictions reflected genuine demands from students from minority ethnic groups, who had through harassment been denied the Right to Equality of Education. Being a supporter of the Hobbesian Principle of a Right for a Citizen to expect from the State Security of Person, Lawrence was thus advocating the same guarantee from a Welfare State, be it at the cost of restricting the offensive operation of some others unrestricted Right. Pornography, Sexuality and Obscenity an analysis of the Changing Voices This is an area where views and opinions have a range encompassing a whole spectrum. For some, pornography is a threat to a moral order, whereas for others, it is a mark of emancipation from bondages. The Libertarians seek to uphold individual freedoms and oppose state interference. According to then, States authority to make laws is only pertaining to the Public Sphere and not on the individual choices and preferences in the Private Sphere (The First Amendment Assertion has been illustrated by Justice Thurgood Marshall in Stanley v. Georgia  [22]  where he says that if First Amendment means anything at all, it means that a state has no business telling a man, sitting alone in his own house, what books he must read or what films he must watch. This liberal fundament was also supported by the Wolfendon Committee Report in the UK. (H.L.A. Hart had also been a known supporter of a similar view and had argued for a separation of the private and the public spheres  [23]  ). Sexual repression is itself more damaging than sexual openness, according to the Libertarian view. However, according to Conservatives, Pornography is a threat to moral order and stability, and the material itself is disgusting and unworthy of publicity. Moreover, the Conservatives believe that State is empowered to pass laws controlling both Public and Private activities, as has been evident from Devlins dissent to the findings of the Wolfendon Committee  [24]  . If one looks at the Feminist Movements, and the jurisprudence emerging there from, history shows changes and evolutions at every stage. Traditionally, feminists have supported the liberal cause, celebrating the need to discover the body and sexuality as a tool of emancipation from bondages. In the 1970s, Realist feminists stressed that pornography was not only damaging to womens status in society, but also dangerous to their safety. Thus, pornography not only provides the foundations for, but also is, violence against women.  [25]  Hence, according to the Liberal Feminists, pornography is not essentially a question of mere censorship, but a question of the womens Human Rights as a whole.  [26]  However, the 1990s have seen a shift in the trend. Avedon Carol  [27]  has claimed that women are suppressed not because of pornography but because of censorship. Wendy McElroy  [28]  has warned that anti-pornography legislations might result in a backlash against Feminism. Jea n Seaton  [29]  has suggested that the Realist feminists run the risk of losing touch with the roots of feminism, in the Civil Liberties and emancipatory movements. Melissa Benn  [30]  argues that the problem is one of structural sexism, and censoring pornography would not solve the problem. Instead, anti-sexist laws need to be established. The underlining philosophy behind the divergent philosophies is the fact that while one looks at the issue of censorship, one can look at it from two distinct planes the Moralist plane, identifying the evils contained in what needs or needs not to be censored; and a Causalist plane  [31]  , which would need to look at the effects of the commission or omission of Censorship. The decades of the Feminist Movement indicated drastic shifts in views, from the Moralist Plane to the Causalist Plane, and vice versa thereby leading to the wide divergence in opinions. The Use or Non-Use of Censorship in Different Regimes This section is a skeletal overview of the existing politico-judicial approaches towards Free Speech and Censorship on select issues in the US, UK, former USSR and India, which would adequately throw light on the kind of governance and degrees of guarantee of Human Rights in the individual regimes. Interesting to note, the instances referred to would be more of acts of a Subterranean Censorship imposition of Censorship through means not directly aimed at doing so. Issue USA UK Former USSR India Speech that may lead to Rioting, i.e. localized violence Edwards v. South Carolina  [32]  : Clear and Present Danger Test. New York Times v. US  [33]  : Prior Restraints on Speech and Press are constitutionally very suspect. Wise v. Dunning  [34]  : Anyone who utters something that is likely to lead to violence can be punished. Street Corner Orator? Anti State Speeches? Unheard of. Reports about Soviet Police disallowing observance of Human Rights Dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦tells a taleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A/19 (2): Public Order a ground for imposing restrictions. S/144, CrPC a tool for imposing preemptive indirect censorship. Counter Doctrines and Subversive Groups Anti-Communist Activities in the 40s supported by legislations like the Smith Act and Supreme Court Decisions like Dennis v. US  [35]  where the evil produced by such Speech was Grave and not Improbable. However, situations changed post-Brandanberg. Concept of seditious libel R v. Aldred  [36]  . Any incitement to use force against State was seditious libel. Soviet Criminal Code punished Agitation or propaganda carried out with the purpose of subverting or weakening the Soviet Regimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ essentially, anti-Communist Campaigns. Preventive Detention Act, s/124A of the IPC and, on a broader political plane, imposition of A/356 on grounds of Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery. Criticism of the Government and Public Officials New York Times v. Sullivan  [37]  : No punishment if actual malice cannot be proved. Initially, strong Contempt of Court Jurisdiction, even in case of Fair Criticisms of Judicial procedures and decisions R v. Editor of New Statesman  [38]  . However, standards of stringency notably lower now. No difference between criticism and subversion hence, repression was the result. Sullivan standards not followed. Contempt and Privilege very strong tools in the hands of the State. Moreover, imposition of MISA and Repressive Press Laws during Emergency. Sexually Oriented Materials Miller Test  [39]   liberal standards. Hicklin Test  [40]   Rigidity. Strict pre-Censorship of Pornographic Material by the Glavlit. Largely influenced by Hicklin gradual liberalization post Bandit Queen. The obvious conclusion that emerges out of an analysis of this Table is that the US is the Country which, through the Constitutional Assertion of the First Amendment and a liberal, yet vigilant judiciary, and a Democratic Governance system, been the highest protectors of the Free Speech Rights. Admitted that the events of 9/11 have forced the US to make more stringent laws often aiming to curb Personal Liberties, but still, it has been a guiding light in the direction ahead, at least it seems so. But, how true is this assertion? Is it, like much other propaganda, only an ideological and hegemonic whitewash of the only surviving superpower? The list of incidents below, which deals with Governmental acts of subversion of the voice of conscience in the US and other Western Countries is self-explanatory  [41]  : Voice of America, a federally supported international broadcasting organization, decided not to air a story that included parts of a rare interview with the leader of Afghanistans ruling Taliban, Mullah Mohammed Omar. Those who deny that the military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip by Israel, its use of extrajudicial executions against Palestinian gunmen, the Israeli gunning down of schoolboy stone-throwers, the wholesale theft of Arab land to build homes for Jews, is in some way wrong would like all criticism of Israel to be labeled as anti-Semitic thus branding the critics statements as heinous and unworthy of consideration. Military autopsy reports provide indisputable proof that detainees are being tortured to death while in US military custody. Yet the US corporate media are covering it up. Dr. Elsebeth Baumgartner currently faces up to 109 years in prison in the U.S. state of Ohio for her criticism of, and accusations of corruption against, government officials in Ohio. In Canada, school teachers have limited freedom of speech, both on and off the job, regarding certain issues (e.g., homosexuality). Chris Kempling was suspended without pay for writing letters, on his own time, to a local newspaper to object to LGBT-related material being introduced into public schools. Kempling pursued the freedom of speech issue all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada without success. By the Official Secrets Act, the London government has the power, throughout the UK, to order that certain subjects are abs